(i) On Going Research Project

1	ICAR	All India Coordinated Research Project on Plant Parasitic Nematodes with integrated approach for their control..	1980- Continue	Dr. S.P. Tiwari and Dr. J. Bhatt
2	ICAR	All India Coordinated Research Project on Betelvine.	1981- Continue	Dr.(Smt) Vibha and Dr. C.S. Pandey
3.	RKVY	Establishment of Post Entry Quarantine Laboratory at JNKVV	2015	Prof. & Head

Research Schemes/Project Operated

S.No.	Sponsored by	Schemes on	Duration	Scheme In charge
1	Govt. of M.P.	Studies on wilt disease of Coriander in Madhya Bharat	1950-52	Dr. L.K. Joshi
2	I.C.A.R.	Scheme for evolving control measures for Bacterial Wilt of solanaceous crops	1967-70	Dr. A.C. Jain Dr. R.L. Keshwal
3	I.C.A.R.	Studies on disease of ginger & their control	1974-77	Dr. L.K.Joshi Dr. M.P.Haware Dr. N.D.Sharma
4	I.C.A.R.	Lentil wilt scheme	1970-75	Dr. M.N. Khare
5	I.C.A.R.	Studies on the effect of herbicides on soil borne plant pathogens	1981-84	Dr. S.C. Vyas
6	I.C.A.R.	Studies on persistence of fungicides on important crops.	1975-80	Dr. S.C. Vyas
7	I.C.A.R.	All India Coordinated Research Project on Plant Parasitic Nematodes with integrated approach for their control..	1980- Continue	Dr. G.S. Dave Dr. B.N. Shukla Dr. B.S. Pall
8	I.C.A.R.	All India Coordinated Research Project on Betelvine.	1981- Continue	Dr. M.L. Nayak Dr. R.K. Chaurasia
9	I.C.A.R.	Study on survey and control of post harvest disease of Banana.	1981-84	Dr. R.L. Keshwal
10	MPCOST	Scheme to evolve control measures for diseases of Betelvine in Madhya Pradesh	1972-75	Dr. M.L. Nayak
11	MPCOST	Epidemiology of anthracnose of Blackgram and its control	1987-90	Dr. (Smt.) Om Gupta
12	MPCOST	Biological control of root rot of soybean	1987-90	Dr. M.N. Khare Dr. H.K. Jharia
13	MPCOST	Virus disease of Soybean in M.P. and their elimination	1988-91	Dr. R.L. Keshwal
14	MPCOST	Alternaria blight on chickpea	1988-91	Dr. P.K. Bhargava
15	MPCOST	Problem of Mycotoxin in Soybean	1989--93	Dr. L.S. Kushwah
16	MPCOST	Studies on Powdery Mildew Diseases	1994--98	Dr. N.D. Sharma
17	MPCOST	Studies on facrors affecting reproduction inPhytopthoraspp.	1994- 98	Ku. S. Nema
18	MPCOST	Technology developed, production and demonstration of biological pest control agents under IPM	2003-06	Dr. S.M. Vaishampayan Dr. N.D. Sharma Dr. U.K. Khare Dr. Abhishek Shukla
19	C.S.I.R.	Assessment of Technology by local agricultural wastes for cultivation of edible fungi in Baiga Tribal Belt of Madhya Pradesh	1994- 99	Dr. N.D. Sharma
20	I.C.A.R.	Epidemiology and management of Soybean rust	1998-01	Dr. B.N. Shukla Dr, P.K. Bhargava
21	I.C.A.R.	Studies on root lesion Nematode,Pratylenchus thornei	2001-04	Dr. S.P. Tiwari Dr. (Mrs.) Indira Vadhera
22	I.C.A.R.	Network Project on studies of Reniform Nematode,Rotylenchulus reniformis	2001-05	Dr. (Mrs.) Indira Vadhera Dr. S.P. Tiwari
23	I.C.A.R.	Development of resistant lines of Onion against purple blotch	2001-04	Dr. U.K. Khare
24	M.P. State Agr. Mkt. Bor. BPL	Establishment of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Research and testing Laboratory at JNKVV	2005-09	Prof. & Head, Pl. Path.

(iii) Research Achievments

Wheat

A schedule for the management of three rusts of wheat has been developed. Three to four sprays of Zineb (Dithane Z-78 @ 0.25 per cent) now replaced by more effective Dithane M-45 (@ 0.25 per cent) at an interval of ten days from the time of initial outbreak of disease has proved to be effective in reducing the rust incidence. Bayleton (@0.25 per cent), a systemic fungicide, was effective in reducing the disease intensity of black and brown rust from 13 to 100 per cent.

Zinc sulphate (50 kg/ha) alongwith normal dose of NPK (120:60:40) as basal application reduced incidence of the rusts and black point diseases in wheat.

Ear-cockle

Ear-cockle (Angunia tritici) appeared in epiphytotic form at a village Paloi, district, Panna during 1998. It was eradicated by the replacement of seed lot.

Pulses

Chickpea

Occurrence wise important diseases of chickpea are wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri), collar rot {Sclerotium rolfsii) and dry root rot (Rhizoctonia bataticola). Since these diseases are mainly soil borne in nature, emphasis was given to manage them through host resistance, cultural practices, biocontrol agents and seed treatment.

Integrated disease management

Genotypes viz., JG 315, JG 74, JG 322, JG 11, JG 130, JG 16, JAKI 9218, JG 63, JG K1, JGK 2 ,JG 12, JG 14 possessing resistance to wilt have been released. Varieties JG 11, JG 130, JG 63, JG 2003-14-16, JG 89-11551, JG 89-9032 are tolerant to dry root rot also while JG 16 has tolerance to Collar rot Stunt and Botrytis grey mold . JG 12 and JG 24 are recommended as doner parent for wilt at National level.

The wilt disease was checked by seed treatment with Trichoderma harzianum, T. viride, Bacillus subtilis or Pseudomonas fluorescence or Viride+ Carboxin @ 4:1 g/kg seed. on less susceptible variety.

Intercropping of chickpea + linseed (4:1 row ratio) could reduce the chickpea wilt significantly with increase in chickpea yield. Sowing dates have been found to greatly influence chickpea wilt and collar rot incidence. Accordingly, it is recommended to sow the crop after first week of November. Deep ploughing in summer, using resistant variety, seed treatment with benomy1 + thiram (1:3) @ 3kg/kg seed or carbendazim @ 2g/kg seed and sowing chickpea in last week of October or first week of November reduces the wilt incidence.

Fusarium isolates were characterized and found 5 races i.e. 2,4,5 and 2 more new in the state .

Pigeonpea

Wilt (Fusarium udum) is the major disease problem of pigeonpea while Phytophthora blight {Phytophthora drechsleri f. sp. cajani) occurs in pockets where rainfall is high and field drainage is poor. Stem cankers caused by Phoma cajani, Macrophomina phaseolina and Xanthomonas cajani occur commonly but do not cause much damage to the crop.

Integrated Disease Management:
Host resistance identified in cent percent wilt sick field, studies conducted on influence of fungicidal seed treatment and soil amendment on the development of Fusarium udum propagules in soil and wilt incidence concluded the treatment of seeds with Benlate +Thiram (1:3) and amending the soil with crop residues of oats is an effective method for the management of pigeonpea wilt.

Phytophthora Blight

The disease occur in all the pigeonpea growing areas of M.P. causing considerable losses especially in poorly drained fields. Genotypes KPBR 80-2-1, KPBR 80-2-2. ICP 9252, KPBE 80-3, KPBR 80-1, T-7, AGS 522, ICPL 161, ICPL 8863, PR 5149 Selection. P.I. 397430 Sel., ICP 7065 and ICP 7250 were found resistant to disease in the sick plot over the years.

The disease can be managed by integrated methods ridge sowing + seed treatment with Apron 4g/kg + soybean as cover crop + tolerant pigeonpea variety

The resistance was found in genotypes KM-34 against Heterodera cajani, Meloidogyne incognita and Meloidogyne javanica KM-9, KM-29 and KM-61 to Meloidogyne incognita and Meloidogyne javanica, Nematodes have not been proved as a constraint in low yields of pigeonpea. Pigeonpea genotypes developed at the Research Station in ICAR Pulse Project was identified as resistant to KM-34 to H. cajani, M.incognita and M. javanica while KM-9, KM-29 and KM-61 were resistant to M.incognita w AM.javanica

Lentil

The important diseases of lentil are wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis), collar rot (Sclerotium rolfsii) and rust (Uromyces fabae) may become serious if winter rains occur in January -February. Major work was done under PL 480 scheme on 'Lentil wilt' and has been reviewed by Agrawal and Prasad (1997). Since good resistance source to wilt and collar rot in bold seeded lentil are rare. Efforts were made to findout other methods of control.

The disease can be reduced by seed treatment with thiram + carbendazim (1:1) @ 2.5 w/w and application of phosphatic fertilizer,

Mung and Urdbean

The major problems of these crops are foliar diseases especially powdery mildew (Erysiphe pisi), anthracnose (Colletolrichm dematium), leaf blight (Macrophomina phaseolina) and leaf spots (Cercospora sp., Protomycopsis sp). These pathogens are seed borne.

Continuous cropping of urdbean in a field showed increased intensity of leaf blight, seed treatment with carbendazim (1 g/kg) reduced seed and seedling mortality, leaf blight phase of the disease and increased yield significantly.

Soybean

Research work on soybean pathology was initiated at Jabalpur when the crop was introduced in 1966-67.More than 25 pathogens/diseases have been reported to occur in soybean in M.P. but only ten, viz., Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii, Macrophomina phaseolina, Myrothecium roridum, Xanithomonas axonopodis pv. glycines, Phoma sp., Colletotrichum truncatum, Alternaria spp, bud blight like syndrome and yellow mosaic are of major importance.

A number of pathogens attack the emerging seedlings like Sclerotium rolfsii, Rhizoctonia solani and R. bataticola causing heavy losses.

Seed treatment with thiram + carbendazim (2:1) @ 0.3per cent and reduced these diseases, improved the emergence by 25 per cent and yields by 2-3 q/ha.

Besides resistant genotypes two sprays of streptocycline (@ 0.02per cent) + Copper oxychloride 50 WP (@ 0.2 per cent) were effective in reducing bacterial pustul disease.

Two sprays of hexaconazole 5 EC or propiconazole 25 EC or triadimefan 25 WP @ 0.1 per cent reduced the rust severity by 35 per cent. Varities JS 80-21, Indira soy 9, PK 1024, PK 1162 were moderately resistant to rust.

Rapeseed - Mustard

White rust, Alternaria blight and Sclerotinia stem rot are the major diseases of rapeseed mustard.

Two new races of Albugo candida, race 12 from Brassica juncea and race 13 from B. rapa var. toria were identified.

The effect of temperature on viability of zoosporangia of Indian isolate of A. candida from B. juncea revealed that they remained viable up to four days at 20°C and for 2 days at 25°C while Canadian isolate (race-2) remained viable only for 3 days at 20"C

A number of rust resistant lines, such as JMMWR 93-37, 93-38, 93-39, 941-l-2and JYM-1 were developed, out of which JMMWR 93-39 was notified as Jawahar mustard-1.

The resistant cultivar exhibited higher amount of potassium content ranged from 3.15 to 3.52 mg/g tissue than susceptible one (2.86 to 3.11). Similarly, there was significant decrease in sodium and potassium content after disease development. The disease increased with high humidity (for 96 hrs), closer spacing (5 cm), and delayed sowing (5th August).

Commercial crop

Sugarcane

Smut

Mainly smut was observed, which appeared from first week of May - June and no fresh infection occurred during July to August and again noticed during September to November.

Set treatment with carbendazim or mancozeb or moist hot air treatment of sets at 54°C for 4 hrs. were effective in checking the set-borne infection of smut enhancing the germination Planting of crop in November and December had minimum smut incidence

Wilt

Fusirum moniliforme and F. oxysporum were associated with diseased plants. The incidence of this disease varied from 9-20per cent in planting and 13-35per cent in ratoon crop.

Potato

For management of stem necrosis early planting (October) and three sprays of monocrotophos 40 EC @ 1 ml/lit. at an interval of 15 days are recommended. Early blight of potato can be successfully controlled with prophylactic spray of dithane M-45 @ 2 kg/ha. Black scurf disease of potato can be controlled by seed treatment with bavistin (0.2 % ) dipping seed for 30 min in fungicidal suspension.

Haulm cutting in the first week of January gave control of early blight, late blight, leaf curl, mosaic and stem necrosis of potato.

Ginger

‘Ginger yellows’ apparently perpetuated through infected rhizomes and temperature ranging between 23-290C accompanied with 95 per cent RH. The disease is managed by treating the seed rhizome with benlate (0.25per cent) or dithane M-45 (0.3per cent) solution for 1.5 to 2 hours followed by two drenching at an interval of 20-25 days @ 6 litres/m2 with the same concentration by either o the above fungicides.

Medicinal crops

Aswgandh (Withania somnifera)

Seed treatment with Trichoderma harzianum + Carbandazim or Trichoderma viride alone significantly reduced the seed and seedling mortality caused due to soil borne fungi. Alternaria leaf blight of Asgandh is effectively controlled by spray of Mancozeb @ 2.5g/L or Cumin L @ 3 ml/L.

Isabgol (Plantago ovate)

One spray of metalaxyl 72 MZ @ 0.2per cent + two spray of Dithane M-45 @ 0.3per cent were most effective in reducing the disease incidence (18per cent ) as against 38.23per cent in control and increasing seed yield 8.75 q/ha..

Seed treatment with T. viride + 35 WS and soil application with T. viride done after 20 days of germination significantly reduced the per cent root rot and seedling mortality.

Garlic

Purple blotch of garlic was effectively controlled by Rovrol. (0.3%).

Cumin

Seed treatment with Trichoderma harzianum @ 10 g/ml. + Bavistin @ 0.1per cent and Trichoderma viride alone significantly produced higher yield.

Basic Research

New Fungi
Record of new genera and species:

Fungi Pycnothera Pseudopapulaspora, Pycnidioarxiella E. Punithalingam and Carmichaelia. were new record in the state Phaeothchosphacria indica formed the basis of fifth genera Phaeotrichosphaeha. These genera have been documented in the "Dictionary of Fungi", 8th ed. published by the CAB.

It is interesting to note that the second species of the 5 Monotypic genera (earlier only one species known in the world) viz., Murogenella, Clypeopycnis, Oramasia. Thaxlcriullopsis and Macalpinomyces have been identified in collaboration with International Institute,Asbolisia. Catenulaster, Pirostoma, Arnaudiella and Polychaeton were the new records to the Indian Peninsula. Considering geographical distribution of fungi inthe world, more than 50 species have been recorded for the first time in this peninsula.

Identification of new hosts

Nine host species were identified as host favoring fungus Phytopthora crops of pulses, oilseed, vegetables, medicinal and aromatic plants, fruits, ornamentals and avenue trees were enlisted against. Phytophthora boehmeriae (Capsicum annuum); P. capsici (Piper betle, Piper longum, Ailanthus excelsa, Kalanchoe mortagei, Solarium melongena, Citrullus vulgaris, var fistulosus, Coccinia indica, Lagenaria siceraria, Luffa acutangula, Luffa cylindrica, Abelmoschus esculentus); P. cinnamomi, (Trichosanlhes dioica); P. citrophthora (Capsicum annuum. Tabernaemoniana coronaria, Murraya exotica); P. cyperi rptandati (Cyperus rotundas); P. infestans (Withania somnifera); P. nicotianae var. nicotianae (Abelmoschus moschatus. Capsium annuum var. grossum, Capsicum annuum, P.nicotianae var. parasitica (Citrus medica, Bougainvillea spectabllis, Psidium guajava, Punica granatum, Dolichos lablab, Phaseolus vulgaris, Lycopersicon esculentum, Catharanthus roseus, Carica papaya. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Dieffenbachia picta, Ficus religiosa); P. palmivora, (Punica granatum); and P. vignae (Vigna unguicidala) are documented and published.

New Fungal Disease

Year	Crop	Diseases	Organisms
1973	Rice	Glum blotch	Pithomyces charlarum
1973	Bean	Leaf" spot	Septoria leguminum
1974	Citais	Leaf spot	Bartalinia robillardoides
1974	Groundnut	Leaf spot	Phomopsis sp.
1975	Gram	Blight	Colletotrichum dematium
1975	Carissa	Leaf sopt	Bartalinia robillardoides
1976	Ginger	Red dry rot	Neclria inventa (conidial stage)
		Grey rot	Trichurus spiralis
		Black rot	Memnoniella echinata
1976	Kapok	Die-balck	Colletotrichum gloeosporoides
1976	Khirni	Red spot	Cephaleuros parasiticu (Algae)
1996	Eucalyptus	Leaf Spot	Alternaria Pleospora infectoria
1977	Pigeonpea Leaf spot	Leaf spot	Cercospora thirumalachari
1978	Peanut	Blight	Cylindrocladium scoparium
1978	Pomegranate	Fruit rot	Coniella noviae-zealandiae
1978	Lentil	Leaf spot	Cercospora lensii
1979	Kapok	Leaf spot/blight	Coryenspora cassiicola
1981	Falsa	Rust	Phakopsora grewiae
		Powdery mildew	Acrosporium grewiae
1987	Little millet	Smut	Macalpinomyces sharmae Vanky Tilletia narasimhanii
1992	Soybean	Diffuse Yellowing	Aristastoma guttulosum
1993	Chilli	Fruit rot, blight	Phytopthora boehmeriae
1971	Black gram	Leaf spot	Sclerotium rolfsii
1973	Gram	Powdery Mildew	Leveillula taurica
1974	Maize	Cob rot	Rhizoctonia solani
1984	Lathyrus	Cercospora blight	Cercospora pisi sativae f sp. Lathyri-sativae
1971	Black gram	Leaf rot	Sclerotium rolfsii
1970	Mesta	Leaf	Sclerotium rolfsii
1972	Sunflower	Rhizopus rot	Rhizopus sp.
1980	Pigeonpea	Cuscuta	Cuscuta
1985	Chickpea	Ascochyta blight	Ascochyta- rabiei
1993	Chickpea	Foot rot	Operculala padwickii
1995	Chickpea	Botrytis grey mould	Botrytis cinerea
1999	Chickpea	Sclerotinia stem rot	Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

New Techniques developed

• Isolation and purification of Phytophthora spp. from fungal contaminants with propioconazole (0.05%) was effective in inhibiting the growth of several common fungal contaminants.
• Isolation of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae: developed technique for extraction of VAM spores
• A seed infestation method is developed to test the virulence of seed isolate of   Curvularia lunata. by rolling over the fungal culture.
• A modified Deep freezing blotter method is developed for the detection of Curvularia lunata caused seed rot seedling decay and head mold of sorghum.
• Modified method developed with blotter soaked in sterilized water (initial pH adjusted at 8.0) has been found superior for the detection of Fusarium moniliforme associated with greengram.
• Injection infiltration method is developed. To test the virulence of Xanthomonas campestris pv.betlicola, the causal organism of leaf spot, blight and stem canker of betelvine,
• For dry green preservation of betelvine leaves against fungal and bacterial leaf spots, a method involving copper acetate is developed.
• Deep freezing blotter method is modified and developed where the blotters are dipped in streptopenicillin (200 ppm) solution. After plating and incubating of the soybean seeds, detection of Colletotrichum dematium becomes easy. The antibiotics inhibit the Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria usually developed in the plate.
• Developed a modified root dip blotter paper technique for screening bacterial  antagonist (Bacillus subtilus) against Rhizoctonia bataticola causing dry root rot of chickpea
• Developed techniques for screening chickpea genotypes against collar rot
• Standardized the production technology of white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) under the climate conditions of Madhya Pradesh.
• Use of earthen trays followed by wooden trays enhances the fruiting period of button mushroom up to the month of March.
• Standardized low cost production technology of Oyster Mushroom (Plerotus spp.)
• Wheat grain serve as most suitable media for commercial spawn production.